![]() ![]() ![]() Critical simulation studies rely on collaboration across specialisms in Roman data, theory, and method, and can constructively enhance multivocality of theoretical debates of the Roman economy. A key contribution of simulation lies in its ability to formally represent diverse theories of Roman economic phenomena and test them against empirical evidence. It presents the Roman economy as a highly complex system, traditionally studied through critical examinations of material and textual sources, and understood through a wealth of diverging theories. What kinds of insights about the Roman economy can it lead to that could not have been obtained through more established approaches, and how do simulation methods constructively enhance research processes in Roman Studies? This edited volume addresses this need through critical discussion and convincing examples. But detailed critical evaluations of this innovative approach are still missing and much needed. The use of formal modelling and computational simulation in studies of the Roman economy has become more common over the last decade. Traces of this wall circuit were recently found on the south side of the hill The same happened to Onkesmos (Hodges 2007), Butrint and Nicopolis (Bowden 2003). Procopius describes a sixth century restoration on the upper city walls, during the reign of Justinian (Proc., De aedificiis: IV, 1, 37-39). It is possible that the ancient defensive circuit was restored in the Late Antiquity with masonry compensation consisting of smaller stones, as recently claimed (Giorgi, Bogdani 2012: 137). According to the Italian archaeologist, the city would later return to occupy the area on which had formed the original nucleus of settlement in the fifth-fourth century BC. ![]() These are mainly buildings that were associated with the Phoinike 'Byzantine' form, although there is little evidence referring to these dwellings at this time (Ugolini 1932: 80-82). The main traces of occupation during Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages have been identified in the area of the acropolis, both near the basilica and in the area between the laurus nobilis and the Great Bastion. This has been demonstrated by excavations over the last fifteen years (Cirelli 2015a), which support what Ugolini had already highlighted in his pioneering research (Ugolini 1932: 226-228). Phoinike is a Hellenistic city that maintained urban characteristics throughout the Middle Ages and was gradually abandoned only at the beginnings of the sixteenth century. ![]()
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